Basic rules in Alcartogravia geographical and modalities for the establishment and development of systems of symbols in ArcGis ...

Umm Al-Qura University - Jihad Muhammad Izzat

Written by: a. D. Jihad Muhammad bottle - Umm Al Qura University - Department of Geography

Chapter I: Alcartogravia and the surface

Alcartogravea and the concept of the earth's surface

1 - Permanent changes to the geographical area

Can not be considered homogeneous geographical area from one place to another or from time to time, and this area that we feel the author of the components is in fact a geographical complexes or compounds form the earth's surface. We find no similarities evident between these compounds with each other which is in control of allelo or great variations of geographical as the time and place not only between the types of key components, even within the same type for different parts of the earth's surface, is associated with each of the allelo and contrast directly degree spacing in the similarity between the various components of the surface the ground. In fact, we do not feel when we study the geographic scope only, through the study of each element on the element of the surface, that these elements are characterized and unique on the surface independently, but we feel the presence of complexes that combines these different elements and example, the complex Alipidologi or complex soil which is one of most important components of the surface geo It has a large number of types of soils, and all kind of made up of a large number of elements of geographical and non geographical used in the study of soils, any studies that address processes explanatory aimed at reasoning about regular spatial soils that make up the main objective in the work of geographical .

Another example: we do not feel the impact of heat alone during the day, but we feel the weather that occur result of a combination of various elements of climate, and from this it is clear that geographical area consisting of parts not to give it the character of continuity and discontinuity, and thus this surface becomes the permanent changes that are occurring.

We note that relationship permanently Trdah between these changes and permanent geographical area of ​​the field and what counts is on the contrary, the smaller the area of ​​geographical area, the less it changes or becomes less important.

This calls to the conclusion that the point on the surface of the earth in a certain time specific and somehow are investigating homogeneity where there is no geographic, because the point is a single nature and composition, and thus there are no geo-point, which is part "finite" at a young age of the earth's surface.

The current changes to the components of the complexes and the surface of the earth and the elements belonging to it or its author, then, are very diverse depending on area and location, as well as changes with respect to the different realities that are permanent markers on the surface of the earth and the changes are two main vehicles by:

A - changes according to the temporal compound (composite time).

And requires study and analysis of this vehicle use the following axes:

1 - Pure study temporal variations by geographic units of time, one of the largest to smallest: the period consisting of a number of years, year, month, day, hour.

It can now "break through the wall of the day and make some of the geographical studies at the level of time due to the availability of tools of advanced technology like the computer automated, but that requires adherence to relations of the Standing between the space or the size of the area studied and the time approved it, ie, the consistency Majali - spatial temporal necessitates the adoption of a small space of the earth's surface to study the changes of its elements of geographical study that can be as small units of time.

2 - Studying the temporal variations of methods and quantitative methods or graphical known:

A - study and analysis chart changes according to chronological sequence for real-time analysis systems.

B - Study of the changes and chart analysis by non-chronological sequence of time after the order of values ​​for the analysis and probabilistic analyzes of concentration.

  We can say that the changes in items by the time the vehicle is subject to many factors and is affected by. Example: the technological level, customs and traditions in production systems or in systems development and investment, population, capital ... Etc. of the many and varied factors must be taken into account to explain these temporal variations.

Stairs to use the term space and associate geography to reflect the field of study geographical and therefore important geographic, and in the meantime and as a result of the evolution of knowledge of Arabic rules of geographical theory of the world, we must distinguish between the place "Site" domain and "Space", being the two concepts are fundamental concepts of geographical study of the surface of the Earth a geographical field work. If the pattern of relationship component studied with the surface of the earth any spatial relationship when we find that the nature of the spread of a component on the surface nature of the spatial Kalterbh for example, "or vegetation, or any component of the atmosphere which is the geographical elements of spatial relationship with the earth's surface, the structure of language user terminal about the geography of this component should reflect the nature of its spread, and thus we speak of changes or variations or Tkhalvat spatial, and are important geographic-related in general to disclose ties spatial. But if the pattern of relationship component studied with the surface of the earth relationship spot that is the nature of the spread of this component on the spatial nature of the surface as any other element of the services or the administration or commerce, for example, "or any other element on the surface of the Earth local points of water or oil wells ... etc., with a geographical spot on the surface of the earth, the syntax used for geographical crossing this component should reflect the the nature of its spread and therefore we talk about changes or variations or Tkhalvat spatial, and so on for the elements or components written to the surface of the earth where we can express changes or variations or Tkhalvat written, and are important geographic-related in general to disclose relations written for this element linear studied.

So realize that the most appropriate expression to associate with geography as a science is the Earth's surface and the need to consider the location and area of ​​the concepts of the earth's surface, which is the field of geographical study. Changes on the surface of the geographical territory that generates geographic, and are on this surface any on the field "Space" if these changes in particular elements of the spatial or localized or linear, and can not occur on a spatial or place where the achieved homogeneity, which becomes at all "at the level of the point at which a smaller place on the surface. Thus we find that the group works in geography theory in English, French or German using the concept of domain "Space" and is not the place "Place" to express the changes of the items geographical whether spatial or spatial or linear, we say changes in spatial "spatial Variability "instead of" for spatial because it more adhesion and effectiveness of the reality of geography and its mission and objectives, and this is what will be used to this author.

Changes mean spatial distributions of the study, then any element or component on the surface of the earth geographic, and research in the spatial changes mean diving in the midst of important geographical crystallize in three axes:

- Axis for determining the spatial patterns of regularity or Majali elements studied within the study area to identify the nature of relations with the earth's surface.

- Axis for determining the spatial relationships between the element studied and Georh or is located in the middle of the ocean from the elements with different geographical nature which led to mutual Btatheradtha Jgerfah race, the emergence of the geographic component of geographical study.

- Axis for determining the spatial relationships between the element studied and Georh or is located in the middle of the ocean from the elements or components of the same geography that mutual Btatheradtha led to emergence of a geographical element or component of geographical study.

Alcartograve selection of elements and components of the Earth's surface:

In addition to what has been said regarding the need to distinguish between elements or components of the spatial or localized or linear property, the quality or quantity adopted for the geographical component must also be determined in order to reach an optimal diagnosis of the elements that we want Kartogravia represented as follows:

1 - by item type studied example: the different types of soils or geological rock types ... etc, and here we talk about changes because the spatial quality of the items or concepts based study of variations on the surface of the earth is the quality.

2 - and the goals of scientific research geographical place spatial variability or spatial component or changing a geographical as depending "on its components or concepts quantity Example: if we study distributed cereal crop production or any kind of crops according to villages or areas or to study the distribution of the production of various types of livestock below to look at the kind by region or villages in the country, in which case we talk about changes in spatial or spatial quantity. and changes according to area or location are subject to the many factors that affect them, including the degree of supply - the highs and lows - close or far from the surface of the sea - Exposure or not ... etc.. as well as the other factors affecting the spatial variability - spatial level social, economic, technological and cultural development of the population of different regions. Moreover, the intensity changes spatial or spatial variability of the elements and components of the geographical area produces and expresses the amount of human interaction with the surface the land is determined by the potential movement of this man and his speed as forms of migration daily within cities or within the field of impact especially for regions of the human any which is characterized by a very high population densities, while the landscape is urban, which is almost devoid of people are inside the mechanisms of spatial variability or spatial mechanisms of action of nature and influence mutual elements between Physical Geography of the land surface where it is not any role for the human being.

It should be noted that studies of modern intellectual paired with the use of the concept of change of any component or geographical component of the surface of the ground when noting that this element presents radical changes or whether the inherent possibility that the spatial on the surface of the earth. If it comes time to change the vehicle, the changes are intended to time the long-term changes that occur at periods of time more than ten or twenty years. The variance and volatility and volatility are expressions that could be related to short periods of time as today, or month or year.

The general classification of the elements or components of the geographic perspective Alcartograve:

    Through the above recognize that the elements or components subject to geographical representation Alcartograve classified into the following:

1 - elements or components of spatial quality, a good example Posted: soils, vegetation, etc. ...

2 - the elements or components of spatial quantity, and the best example of it: the elements air, etc ...

3 - topical elements or components of quality, a good example Posted: facilities, services, administration, etc ...

4 - elements or components localized quantity, and the best example of it: the production of different types of wells, number of students in schools, etc ...

5 - linear elements or components of quality, and the best example of it: the network of water, road network etc. ...

6 - elements or components of linear quantity, and the best example of it: traffic flow, the movement of trade, quantities of goods between ports, etc. ...

The main characteristics of changes of spatial - spatial Kartogravia that should be considered:

In fact it is scientifically pure, there is the nature of the limits of discontinuity between the complex and another or between a component and another or between the element and another, because the transition between the components of the Earth's surface is gradually transition is rare to have this transition hard or fast. On the other hand note when studying the Earth's surface that the transitional areas these are sometimes clear and sometimes Badmh, and this adds a new complexity to geographic changes that smile on the surface of the element or component of what compels us to determine the degree of stability of the compound or complex geographical because the degree of persistence is related to strongly fragmentation or chipping spatial or spatial - temporal, which we consider. The very persistent regions are the areas least variation or variation or geographical component of aggression and that the most stable element is also the least aggression or variation.

Elements geographical slow variations of spatial - spatial that must be based on them to form a base to represent the variables at least stable, that is, they could form the basis used to create structures more clearly: Example: if we consider the study of population change by geographical area based variable last is very persistent, a border administrative regions, or to study and analyze the characteristics of the educational - cultural population by villages and hamlets, or the adoption of free key terrain to determine the changes spatial any air component in the design of map climate of a region ... etc, and so we can imagine the nature of the limits of the elements or components of the geographical surface of the Earth it is classified as follows:

1 - elements of the limits of static fixed: These elements are the variables most varied and characterized by the limits of a transitional tight between them and the other variables spatial Example: we find these elements in the range of different types of Altkchwet geological maps, geological, as well as maps showing the distribution of types of terrain that is, maps geomorphological, In the maps showing the types of soil ... Etc.. From these examples we can conclude that the types of terrain and soil types are examples of components or variables for temporal variations are almost non Note on the scale of chronological age for a person to the extent considered fixed by changing a few area - the place and time.

2 - up to enjoy the elements of a dynamic or variable kinetics: the variables that define its borders and major changes are often the border between them and the other variables of the problem areas of considerable transition.

Example: maps showing the form of occupancy of tenure of land, maps of urban areas, maps, weather, maps, agricultural, and we can easily imagine that the border between the area of ​​agricultural land change dramatically according to the measurement Majali - spatial geographical and from year to year, or even the separation of agricultural to another, allowing agricultural variables as an example of the limits of geographical variables with dynamic mobility.

It is important to take into account these facts and to know that Alcartogravia geography should always reflect clearly on the characteristics of the field as well as that also reflect the subtle differences of any gradients of positive or negative within a species or a single compound or one element, eg deterioration of red soil in the eastern Mediterranean as we head to the continental interior.

Conclusion homogeneous areas:

Geographical area is where the real vehicles and real geography of great diversity and are essentially variable, diverse and Mtkhalfah from each other, and should not be sufficient information and data digital and non digital that can help to understand some of the details relating to these units but it does not help is absolutely and clearly identify their changes spatial - spatial, so the studies that are trying to simply do so without the use of any ways to address the geographical - Alcartograveh of this data will not reach in the end results of great scientific interest. Alcartografah and allow treatment to generate this information and scientific documentation leads new geographical study and analysis to achieve the initial target geographic inherent in determining the spatial changes and major axes of these changes. In fact, simply studying the numbers and the initial data does not enable us to reach this result, so that what is required is in the research rationale for space or land that are similar between the similarity optimal and that we can call these spaces with the similarity of internal or homogeneity of procedure on behalf of the region or homogeneous field of the variable or component that is being processed Alcartograve representation. What is meant by harmony in this text is the relative homogeneity because nature does not provide space homogeneous at all and this relative homogeneity is the homogeneity of generalized who accept it in a phased manner for the necessities of research and analysis: "The similarity is not unlike the difference, but it just circulate occur inside the minor differences that may be ignored by some people" * .

The creation and design of the geographical map designed for scientific purposes an important "not only to demonstrate the ability of this geographical Alcartografah and understanding of the methods of representation, but also reflect at the same time and point of view, a researcher at how his understanding of the distributions and Mriath in modeling the axes change Kartogravea." Estimates in this case the genius of the use of roads Alcartograveh to its full potential available to show the gradients variable Representative that should seem obvious on the maps carried out, must also be able to show "space homogeneous" in a clear and true Kartogravea ", these spaces are the terms of the first divided the geographic scope to parts separate and distinct from each other, leading to a rapprochement with the completion of the most important tasks - the goal of science and geography in your analysis of the Earth's surface in order to reach its investment and revitalization for the benefit of rights.

On the other hand is not, to identify these spaces homogeneous easy "in some cases, because in many cases can not be certain homogeneity and imaging spaces homogeneous as easy as Natqdha and the means and tools Alcartograveh available, as the effectiveness of the methods that use the remaining relative, the objective remains to find border of each area of ​​land within the similarity lies in the largest and most expressive manner, we can not reject them, too Alcartogravia geography.

The concept is to homogeneity in three patterns as follows:

1 - There is general homogeneity, and we understand and define when we note that all individuals or points of group problem domain has characteristics similar to or provide with each other very similar for members or points of areas outside of this group or this space, for example: Plains Agricultural constitute a unit area large homogeneity is contrary to the mountainous land used for grazing.

2 - relative homogeneity and knows when there is a specific item or a certain type of relationship takes the domination or control of the rest of the other elements within the same space or location, for example: Determine the absolute desert areas or to identify areas of steppe or cotton-growing areas ... Etc..

3 - homogeneity dispersed and knows when the note in the same group frequency component or element of a secondary is observed or repeat itself several times, eg when the note in a region repeated use of one irrigation systems, or when we see repeated yards cemeteries, or repeated squares parking for a living. etc. .., within the urban area of ​​cities.

Spatial relations - and the problem of temporal scale:

The solution Alkrtografa any problematic geography of science leads to the need to go into the basis of the relationship between the area is heterogeneous and the number or nature of the original characteristics of any variables or elements that must be taken into account in order to determine this uniqueness geographical location of this region as a region unique, and therefore, there is a direct proportion between the number and quality characteristics of the area and an area considered, as well as the length of time it took until she attended as the current geography. And accept that each point in the land entrusted to an element or a variable or a compound problem of the surface containing the vehicle important historical set its properties, this vehicle is a complex genetic set regularity present within the region and reflect their historical and born at the same time these lands energy future important we call the vehicle potential, produces a set of geographical features that can be gained by base to develop the use of such land optimally.

The regularity of all the areas - where I am verified on the surface of the earth to contain an organic compound is characterized by spatial or Bsatha and strongly extended period of time during which this was to attend to the elements and components of the surface with each other in terms of integration and distribution of any regularity.

And is therefore this organization like a basic element and the original box at the field or the location within the surface area or geographical region, if the period considered, which requires this area to regularity of the image the current large, the components and elements and factors, the most an extension on the surface and the most resistant and not necessarily least numerous and most widespread is that will remain maintain their properties, which will give the main characteristics of components of the surface of the actor.

As a result, we can say that homogeneity is a relative concept so can not be adopted only to a specific area of ​​land and a specific time, and when joining the time and place for the formation of this homogeneity is achieved geographically "spatial scale - the time of the homogeneity or Majali - time according to dimensions approved. As of this scale we can divide the field into units following the hierarchy of functional shapes and different dimensions, in units called geographical shape or "Diagram-Units" and the Frenchman "" Isoschemes.

Chapter II: basic concepts of the methods of representation Alcartograve

Introduction: Classification of Maps

The adoption of the general concepts, the maps are classified according to their standards as well as by the subject to thematic maps "Thematic maps" or subjective, and usually means the maps thematic maps and maps is Moduaahiksd the maps is geographic Example: Maps Alcadastr and maps of Meteorology, maps, contour and geological. In itself, this subject is of little importance to the notion that the need to define the rules that underpin the main work Alcartograve geographical and results of any geographical maps:

       We can realize that the maps are all irrelevant if geography or geography, so it has resorted to some of the references in Arabic to mention maps distributions to express geographical maps, as the maps Altozaatha maps showing the distribution of a variable, and unique to these maps of their importance as it reflects the relations any spatial variable in connection with the geographical area, and this is a function of geographic Alcartogravia it is concerned with identifying spatial variability - spatial, The map is the key to achieving the goal by the different geographical treatment methods for the design of maps Alcartografah determine distributions.

These ideas are still fresh in the minds of many, despite being a common misconception that the general definition of science that maps the geographic or non geographic restricted as follows:

Map: Certification that document is the scientific high-definition sets that show or spatial regularity - Majali of the subject by the Representative of an area from the surface of the earth.

As an example, the maps show Alcadastr spatial regularity of the limits of real estate properties, and geology maps indicate turn of the regularity Majali Tkchwet geological maps Alkinturiavanha The Etbinalantzam Tabgraveh Majali to the earth's surface.

In reality, the methods of representation Alcartograve elements used to represent geographic and non geographic and the result is a map. Therefore, we can not when we want to classification of geographical maps for other dependence on the subject treated with the map and being designed by one of geographers who specialize in a science different geographical whether natural or human, economic or not, so it must be reached to define the real and scientific map of the geographical designed by geographical basis of the main characteristics of the work Alcartografa geographical, rather than quick definitions currently available and that led to a decline in the capacity of a real geographical Alcartografa creativity that leads to creativity and originality in scientific research in general.

General characteristics of the geographical maps:

    Not address this important topic in books and references Alcartograveh so the paragraphs are mental trial by the reader like the rest of the paragraphs of this work:

1 - be the subject of a topic map "follower" to a science and geography: map of climate is necessarily a geographical as well as for the hydrological maps or maps of geomorphology or land use ... etc..

2 - As the geographical elements and components of the surface of the earth not only studied by geographers conditions shall be met in order to be a geographical map to be designed and implemented by the same geographical location.

3 - to adopt these maps all measures of scientific rigor in design, particularly with regard to choice of appropriate and proportionate measure with the subject and objectives of cartographic product Providing the geographical character of science.

4 - geographical maps maps are necessarily any vehicle or simple non-racial.

Map complex: is the map that represents the number of variables Chairperson on the basis Kartograve one, for example: Maps susceptibility of agricultural land, maps regions thermal maps service units urban maps commercial use of administrative districts in the cities, maps of land prone to natural hazards ... etc..

Map of racism or simple: It is less geographical affiliation of scientific geography is weak and you know the maps which are based on the representation of one variable on the basis Alcartograve, for example: Map of the distribution of temperature moderation, or map the number of students in schools ... etc., are acts of Kartograveh simple do not represent the task Alcartograveh geography.

So what are the standards that are working on geographical?: -

From the geographical point of view we can classification standards used by the geographical location to:

A) large size maps start from 1/25000 and 1/50000 was 1/100000

B) medium-scale maps are maps with scales 1/200000 and 1/250000 and 1/500000 scale and this latter is a critical measure because it is usually followed by small scales.

C) small scale maps are maps with scales 1/1000000 and 1/4000000, which are called maps and maps are millions advertising and written or visual media of this class is necessarily a non-scientific maps and inaccurate, and geography.

 The problem of scale: -

When we talk about standards that are used in Alcartogravea note that there are geographical maps associated scale organically "subject matter:

1 - geographical maps should always adopt large scales, eg, city maps, and land use maps, maps of land works, as well as geomorphological mapping.

2 - There is also a scientific geographical maps using standards as a medium-sized maps of population, climate and maps.

3 - A third group of scientific geographical maps that use the small scales, such as: various types of equipment, maps, maps of the economic, tourism, maps ... etc..

Despite what we have stated, on the geographical Alcartograve to take into account the size of the area that people want to be represented and which related to the subject and purpose of work Alcartograve: The measure of the work of the map of higher education institutions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia will not necessarily measure a small 1/4000000, for example, and therefore must be designed based on the map according to this measure .

Is exposure to the problem of scale when you create the basis of the work Alcartografa any in the design basis of the geographical map, they vary according to different subject in the same time fit with him and the size of the area studied, for example, must be on the maps in the geography of cities, the use of a large scale to show parameters, as well as in geomorphological maps regardless of the size of the area studied Khraúttiya or actress. "

Types of geographical variables:

Variable: is the thing that provides permanent changes by two vehicles spatial or spatial and temporal but geographical variables Variables are numeric data or quality that reflect the various elements and components of the Earth's surface geography of any that are a permanent part of the earth's surface and are not subject to the demise of which we feel and midwife to touch or those that we see with the naked eye and that have dimensions on the surface of the earth (see the theory Aljgerfah Geographycity Theorie), and therefore can be represented Alcartograve. Hence, the elements or variables is geographical are necessarily elements of the invisible and therefore have no geographical, for example, variables geophysical which do not meet the characteristics of the elements of geographical Kalatif magnetic surface of the ground or gravity, groundwater Albizumtria or different chemical properties of the surface of the earth K_khasobh soils or percentages various pollutants, which usually taught by specialists in ecology, customs and traditions ... etc. This is at odds with what is applicable or acceptable in the American school which do not have this distinction and the remaining studies, research, geographic, without limitation, all the elements and phenomena and events of the earth's surface can be study of the geographical "Geography is what he is doing the geographical" in violation of what is the case in the European School, the most conservative. "

It is divided into geographical variables: -

A - normal variables.

B - human variables.

The natural variables are divided into: -

1) variables such as amount of rainfall.

2) the quality of Kdjiologih variables, soil and plants.

And human variables are divided into: -

1) the amount of variables, such as births, deaths - the number of students, labor.

2) the quality variables, such as types of services ... etc..

Any variable quantitative or qualitative natural or human is necessarily variable by two vehicles spatial - spatial and temporal, there are variables highly variable similar to the elements air and variables of slow change, such as types of rocks and soils and forms of terrain and add to that all the variables natural in general, except for elements of air, and the elements of the human and the economic They are generally more severe Bngaradtha, and can not be compared to variables and the natural elements making up the Earth's surface and especially those forms of terrain, so mean and highly designed maps natural in general and geomorphological particularly because the contents of a few changes as rovers spatial - temporal.

 Some scientific terms to be used in the subject:

Key variables: a set of variables represented on the basis of the map and that are the subject of a whole Alcartograve variables are not considered the foundation of it.

Variables of the base: a set of variables that form an integral part of the basis of the map and used to its relationship with organic variables President and because they affect the good representation of the variable or variables, the main that is, they mandatory requirement Kartograve Example: The representation of a network of stations monitoring air to represent the rainfall or temperature, the adoption of the limits of smaller units administrative basis as a variable to represent the population, the adoption of the road network as a variable basis in the urban maps ... etc.. Thus, any variable follows the elements of the basis of the map and which is indispensable for the representation of Alcartograve enter variables within the foundation.

Variable Assistant: This is the variable that is not considered among the variables, the main involved in the work Alcartograve, and is chosen to interpret the distributions of geographical and to clarify the spatial relationships of key variables subject of Alcartograve - Example: the adoption of the representation of health facilities and services, civil defense and police stations within the map of educational services for a city, Note that these variables are not elements of educational services, in order to make work Alcartograve more perfect, and because the reader will be able through the distributions of health services and civil defense interpretation of current distributions for educational services. Another example: the use of contour curves on the basis of the map Alcartograve climatic or geomorphological ... Etc.

Space Alcartograve: a space which is spread by the element of the main variable, which will carry the symbol Alcartograve for this element if the symbol of the type spatial or topical or if the code was written on the basis of the map, eg into the spread of soil gravel, or space occupied facility a service, ... etc..

Elements of the basis of the map: the elements that should not be mixing with the variable or variables that are the foundation Ataref them all and include the following: scale, coordinates, the direction of the north, text, keywords, headings, borders the study area.

Variable Bisatti: In Alcartogravea synthetic (multiple variables) used this concept, one of the variables key to the issue of the map included in the work Alcartograve which is chosen from among them to form the ground or "rug" that will carry it the representation of the rest of the other variables which will represent the ways that represent different with him completely. " Example: a land-use manner representation spatial quality, provided the use of symbols of spatial quality of the low density and gravity and to choose their colors are faded or light, so that we can represent the utilities above ways of representation-place, where will choose the symbols spot colors dark, leading to activation property stereo visual color and thus allowed to read the good of the map after you print it, as will be mentioned later when exposed to the color characteristics.

Coding: the process of using the symbols of various kinds according to the rules and theories Alcartograveh known and subject to the mental trial and reflect the art and taste in designer creativity to work.

Cadastral symbols: the different types of Alblajah symbols used to represent spatial elements are prefabricated by icons called "Balzipaton" and are classified into several types:

1 - Percentage of codes: if the elements of the symbol points or parallel lines, these codes are used to represent the spatial and quantitative variables that the characteristic density resulting from the violation, including the use here of the spatial expression of the quantitative changes.

2 - Symbols spatial quality: a spatial codes are too many "and different from each other by elements of the code, as well as Pkthavadtha Thagaladtha and we will cite and classification of these codes when talking in the ways of representation.

Density of the symbol: the proportion of white spaces between the elements of this code the larger white spaces the code a little intensity and the less dense the icon.

Gravity Symbol: They express the blindness or the thickness of the elements of the symbol-digit code from the qualitative survey.

Positional symbols: the symbols used to represent positional elements, namely:

1 - Symbols topical Quantity: symbols called the relative short "symbols are not necessarily" the most important geometric circle, square, triangle, rectangle, and appointed, and is the volumetric forms of the same family: the ball, cube, pyramid ... etc..

2 - Symbols spot quality: a geometric symbols is localized within the fixed dimensions of the map does not exceed the dimensions of a few millimeters and will respond to many types mentioned when we address the methods of local representation.

Symbols of sin: it is the assets of the use of various types of lines to express the spatial variability of any element linear quantitative or qualitative.

Methods of representation Alcartografa:

Through the idea based on the classification of elements and components of geography of the land surface, the choice of method acting Alcartograve that should be adopted to represent one of the variables associated with the type of the variable itself: There are six ways Kartograveh and the total of these methods is called treatment methods Alcartografah or treatment cartographic Its goal is to: determine the regularity Majali on the surface of earth elements and variables represented on the map to ensure that a statement spatial relationships are clear, and these methods are:

1. Method of representation changers spatial quantity.

2. Method of representation changers spatial quality.

3. Method of representation of local variables or bitmap quantity.

4. Method of representation of local variables or bitmap quality.

5. Way represent the variables of linear quantity.

6. Way represent the variables of linear quality.

7. Method of representation by Alcartograveh point or point quantity.

In the next chapter we will briefly these methods with an emphasis on manual and automatic coding based on the use of systems.

Alcartogravia and geographic information systems:

         The user can interested in the various earth sciences in general and science geographical particular, verify the existence of a large number of geographic information systems produced in a large number of specialized companies, though, the software company ESRI, which has developed a series of ArcView and a series of ArcInfo and deployed extensively in various universities in the nation What remains is the Arab-winning user satisfaction and compete in the operation of these programs and work on them heavily and observant.

         The use of geographic information systems extensively to make science and geography more democratic and has made the average person knows the importance of signatures spatial and cares Balarjaa geographical elements and components of the Earth's surface different if the nature or human or economic, are of the Georeferencing any special operations definition of coordinates of the integrated elements of the material and the latest ongoing the surface of the earth no matter what time of occurrence, of the key pillars but substantive distinction to work on geographic information systems, especially those systems, the Arc view and is currently organized the Arc Info advanced arrived issuance to 9.2, without neglect of the objectives of the main envisaged by the use of these systems in various areas of the earth sciences or technical fields or art that reflect the needs of different municipalities and organizations working in the field of infrastructure and services to the territory of the urban and rural areas within a country.

         The great importance of systems of ESRI and its potential unique, made the world as a whole to deal with these systems gradually as evidenced if we consider the number of scientific conferences and symposia for information systems which are held annually in different parts of the world to discuss developments in the applications of these systems and their potential, not to mention the number of sessions scientific education of formal and informal, on these systems, provided by the company representations or prisoners of various scientific centers and universities.

It is worth mentioning that the GIS can not be the only scientific instrument important for different workers from technicians, researchers and specialists and that, taking into account the outputs of these systems and the possibility of changing the output in the light of changes that may occur in the rules of the basic data used beginning in "the primary task "impressed by the user, making these systems a real tool to assist in decision-making.

 Fundamental differences between information systems and traditional Alcartogravia:

         Quickly specialists in geographic information systems to confirm that there is a difference between geographic information systems and information systems or cartographic Alcartograveh where the latter are not equipped or qualified to assess the interactive relationships between outputs and automatic databases - while GIS provides this interaction! And fundamentally believe that the main difference lies in the process of "Return coordinates of" any link any element Kartograve Bahaddathiath true on the surface of the earth as we mentioned earlier in addition to the interactive feature between outputs and their databases and fast delivery that save time a lot.

         Perhaps the big question that arises here is to what extent affect the background Alcartograveh a user of information systems in the success of the work on these systems and present the work of art, especially after that turned into GIS tools taught in the various sections of the earth sciences: geography, geology, environment, engineering topographic and geodesy, and even science of meteorology.

         Before we answer this question should enumerate here the factors that allow the user systems to provide advanced scientific work and we are here Nbad technical user of geographic information systems, which means the use of these systems are summarized things purely technical operations of the Editing to name a few:

- Signatures of real estate property.

- Professional networking: telecommunications, banking networks, networks of drawing water, city streets, water distribution points, the directions of traffic ... Etc.

And work in the technical aspects does not require creativity or originality of all that there is a signature to perform these various functional elements within the urban area or rural region to be the creation of databases by a systems ... And quickly say that such actions surrounding the importance of the point of the official, administrative or technical undertaken in order to update the archive and get a link effectively to the technical with the place of any signature Khraúttiya high precision allows the later development of elements of these networks or elements of infrastructure, different, or complete shortcomings in order to provide the best types of services an ascending or descending to and from various areas of urban or rural.

 Differences between automated systems and manual Alcartogravea:

       Do not miss the mind of the professionals that GIS has been designed taking into account the various rules and theories emanating from any Alcartograveh cartography. In the meantime, for the reminder but a few, there are a number of fundamental differences between GIS and Alcartogravea hand-led in the first phase, "we live now" to the abandonment of faulty Kartogravea hand and direction directly toward the "machine" or about the direct use of geographic information systems .. . These differences are:

1) is the construction of a cartographic work in advance on paper and using pens regular design methodology Alcartograveh and to identify methods of representation that will be used, before embarking on a lengthy sit on the tables prepared for the work Alcartograve for implementation.

2) The design of "Allaar" or layer in the GIS or create Allaar on the quality of any element Alcartograve user: point, line, or multi-ribs "Alpolitjon" - that Allaar one of its components must be made up of all the elements of the point or paint a Kartograveh line or Palmdila which defines the space, and can not be what the Air that combines elements of Kartograveh draw a point or line, for example. Unlike that in the design Allaar Alcartogravea hand on the color and therefore it is devoted to Air, one for each color is represented here and all of the items Alcartograveh with a single color on the color of the Air own. (See figure)

3) provide time dramatically: It is noted that the skilled researcher can implement its mandate within systems by hours of work after the completion of the design of databases, while it requires the implementation of the work Kartograve days even months in addition to the need to train researcher on the use of professional equipment for each original partial Alcartograve molecules work and not pen "Alrabidowerev" known and used widely at the present time, which means giving up a researcher for accuracy in execution.

4) use of color was optional and depending on the nature and quality of work to be done in Alcartogravea hand - either in geographic information systems Fallon became the foundations of the pillars of Alcartograveh or automatic coding.

5) the evolution of relying on "automatic or automatic coding" any acceptance of the preliminary results of treatment Alcartograveh provided by the system by the researcher as it is unchanged! While in the Alcartogravea hand coding is a world unto itself followed him for more than 80% of the theories and rules Alcartograveh - not to mention the necessities of the researcher to adapt the theories and rules of the use of colors depending on the nature of variables and elements Alcartograveh and its relations with the spatial space Alcartograve the basis of the map. Wrong to rely on automated coding does not allow work to provide good scientific and reflects the inability of the user and the background Alcartograveh weak and ignorance found that the automated coding because it is not the computer's ability to think and trial and discussion!

We infer from this last point that the GIS requirements of the rules of use and is headed by the user to be of great scientific background conditions and rules of coding and the use of color and the conditions and rules and principles of treatment of the data after Alcartograveh molded within the rules systems. Finally, the rules are designed maps, especially with regard to the "base map" representation of variables and methods of the urgent necessity that must be Eetmrs systems by the user in advance.

Cons of automated coding or automatic:

        Computer does not have the ability of thought, which always raises many questions through the windows in order to be able to implement what is required ...! Alcartogravea is the science and art ... ! This is reflected not only the art of Alcartogravea through the design phase of the maps, but also through the use of symbols, colors and texts that are extremely important in geographic Alcartogravea objectivity. The GIS is then the code lists linear and raster spatial and most of these codes result in the purpose for which established for him essentially "no" encoding the technical elements and elements of infrastructure. "And often in respect of work of geographical any action the judge encodes the geographical variables of natural, human and economic, the set of symbols available within the lists do not meet the purpose (eg, symbols used in geomorphology, as well as symbols of meteorological maps ... etc) if we wish to comply with the rules of the use of symbols or the rules of coding, which is her first place in the technical scientific work Alcartograve good.

         Falcartogravea is in itself a language to express spatial relationships by patterns of regularity in the areas of urban - human or rural - natural, and should not be wrong to use the rules of the language - is the one who make mistakes in the use of the rules of his native tongue - and therefore there is no room to adapt Alcartogravea, assets, rules and theories and ignoring consider them the pretext to use flash for geographic information systems - especially as these systems are potential internal allow her employer's establishment and development of new codes is available mainly in the systems to be under design a new icon or derive another code by merging two symbols are available or more with each other or by deriving a partial of the code is available. Here, we understand that the knower assets Alcartograveh any veteran is able to adapt the systems to Alcartogravea rules and principles, theory and not vice versa.

          The possibility of avoiding negative aspects of automated coding or automatic imposed on the user of scientific and not on the user's technical systems and require the user to science that has a background of great scientific related assets and the rules of science Alcartogravea and be involved in the design thematic maps of various geographical sciences or at least aware of the geographic specialization by .

          And assumes that in addition to the necessities of the study prior to science Alcartogravea in depth by the use of the systems, the user-science of these systems to be knowledgeable of "methodologies Alcartograveh" modern group's science that were allocated: science and geography that was geographically, geosciences, if a geological, environmental science If specialized knowledge of the environment ... And so on.

          Known as "the methodology Alcartograveh": the genius of the use of various methods Alcartograveh to represent the variables for the subject of what My Maps. And here and based on this definition, we can imagine the role will be played by the background of the student Alcartograveh Alcartogravea in helping him develop the work of Kartograve sophisticated and artistic and original using existing systems, which has become everybody sing its praises for the production of what we continue to see the simplicity. The overall structure of the body of knowledge that can be a scientific background Alcartograveh appropriate, prior to the use of systems, regardless of the importance of key issues relating to scale, projections and coordinates the science of Alcartogravea must build background specialist in all of Earth Sciences previously mentioned, and not just background geographical, in order to be able in the end the design and implementation of thematic maps for specialty flour with a high level of scientific accuracy and taste, and here we stress the need to build knowledge of the various scholars Alcartograveh of Earth Sciences (*) on the following main points:

A) Methods of representation Alcartograve

B) methods and rules of the use of color

C) Methods and encoding rules are:

Rules and the use of symbols or symbols of quantity surveying the percentage

Rules and the use of symbols spatial quality by the international classification.

The rules for using symbols topical quantity "circle, square, rectangle, triangle, etc. ...

The rules for using symbols positional quality by the international classification.

The rules for using symbols linear quantity.

The rules for using the written symbols of quality.

The use of the assets of the point or the point Alcartograveh Alcartografah quantity.

Is associated with the total of these points, which will be explained by the methods of representation Alcartograve in subsequent chapters set of assets and the rules for the creation and design of the foundations of maps and design rules Allaar or layers, where it has become clear that the use of geographic information systems for the scientific work Kartograve geographically accurate requires a move towards the concept of Alcartogravea synthetic any Alcartogravea non-racial or Alcartogravea that lead to the design of maps with a number "of variables key that allows representation Kartogravea" show their interactions interfaces shared by its relations with the spatial and the need to take them away from the concept Alcartogravia simple or racism, non-scientific, and can be repeated to provide a definition simpler of the two types Alcartogravia as the following:

Alcartogravia vehicle: The work that uses the colors Alcartografa necessarily based on the representation of more than one key variable on the basis of Kartografa and we find a clear structure in this work the concept of a variable basis and variable and variable Bisatti Assistant.

Alcartogravea simple: any work represents an initial Kartograve one variable on the basis of Kartograve is necessarily fraught with weak scientific work on the level of investment research.

And not so long ago, we believe that all the specialists in science fundamentalism Alcartogravea mastering science and art, particularly those specializing in science and geography, "geography is not without a map!" Because the geographical knowledge of the spatial relations of the science Alcartogravia note of the first-class assistant for the diagnosis of this statement and spatial relations, and led to make note of the interest by all specialists in all branches of geography. And confirmed the importance of science here that should not be Alcartogravia Ntaktaha to other methods for the production of maps based Based heavily on the rules and principles Alcartogravea a geographic information systems. - In this case is not required to develop "knowledgeable" run the GIS as it is required to develop a specialist able to use these systems in a scientific and effective in the true sense of the word. Thus, we can launch programs can make the best use of systems development projects and start working on a number of sections within the geographical territory of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as a weather map, population map, project, project or land use map, or a draft map of Roads and Transport ... Etc.

And assets of the training on the use of geographic information systems means first and foremost to accept that these systems are a tool and that its use must be based on assets and the rules and theories of Alcartogravia who created it men of geography, as the backbone for Geosciences and more broadly for the Earth Sciences is the map, the backbone of GIS is of Alcartogravea to Z..

        Call, then become clear is that is put points on the characters and we know after this period rich of fever systems that minor glitches various sections of the geographical, especially in the Arab world that the systems are a tool requires creativity in the use that we adhere to the assets our own science and Ntdrb primarily on the design of maps and rules Ntdrb data before implementation.

The aim of this work to explain the various rules and codes relating to the use of assets to the extent that its aim is to expand the perceptions of user systems and the need to use this potential in the field of cryptography.

Chapter III: Methods of representation and coding rules

Introduction:

      Continuous development, which is characterized by the mechanism at the moment and I knew the tools and means Alcartografah and through scientific systems available that start from the simple ways Alcartografah and end systems, advanced geographic information of different puzzles called, and taking into account the evolution of thought geographical number of users of these systems, it is natural, then, that the explain These methods provide different "from what is known in various books and references of the Arab the following areas:

1 - may be cited as methods of representation with labels associated with the Arab nature of the variable to be represented by categories mentioned in the previous chapter.

2 - will be taken into account for all the methods used in the representation Alcartografa as available in geographic information systems and therefore the focus will be on the terms and rules of coding and the use of color by, other than what is usual until the beginning of the nineties of the last century for the production of maps by hand, about the focus on principles and rules of implementation which have become Now with the progress of automated systems is less important.

First ": A spatial representation:

      And spatial representation method is used to represent the spatial variables, whether the quality or quantity of many names and their symbols, and preferably in Arabic called spatial symbols, and is divided into two large groups: the set of symbols spatial quantity, quality spatial symbol set.

Quantitative method of spatial representation:

    A large number of elements of spatial quantity most famously realized in the representation of the elements air and the representation of elements of the population ... etc, and is a way to use the symbols cadastral amount to which we referred in the past, called symbols of the percentage, as is called in the other books in a "Alkurublt ".

      And you should always use this method when you start to prepare the basis of the map, and here're going to solve problems and discuss the problem of two variable basis, and the problem of scale.

     With respect to variable basis, has already reminded us that this variable must be organically linked to the main variable affecting directly or specifically identify spatial variability.

        In the maps of the population, for example, always note the use of administrative boundaries for smaller administrative units as a variable basis, and here we wonder whether this variable affects the distribution of the population? To answer this question, we say that administrative boundaries do not affect or determine the distribution of the population but its use is always to create maps of population types, and sometimes economic with a special need relating to the availability of basic statistical information according to administrative divisions of the region or state that the study population. "And the adoption of the limits of smaller units management is necessary and important for the nearly as much as possible through representation Alkrtografa of the geographical reality of the distributions of spatial real quantity for any changes in spatial real variable quantitative-based representation. and we can easily conceive, after mentioning this rule is that the larger units Alcartografah that define spaces Alcartografah based on the domain Alcartografa The larger circular, and thus far we are from accuracy in representation, any statement we moved away from the real distribution of the variable-Majali realistic about the reality in the correct spatial variability.

 Symbols used in the method of quantitative spatial representation:

     These symbols are symbols spatial course and claim the relative spatial distribution codes and short codes we call percentage.

There are two types of these symbols, depending on the elements of the problem is this code there is: -

1) the problem of relative spatial codes of the finer points.

2) There is another type consisting of parallel lines high.

(These codes are not available in the regulations for information systems based on the color coding, but it can create and design of these systems by the symbols ArcGis ver 9.xxx)

      The shaken points or spacing lines from each other and the problem of the elements of these codes leads to a decrease in density of these codes and therefore allows a statement gradient quantitative variable geographical want to represent Kartogravia by these symbols, but in the GIS Valtrameez automated based on the gradient can be accessed at by gradation only one color or by gradient resulting from the color groups are used to suggest a result of being a dark color, "or opening" on the one hand or being cool "or warm" on the other to express the quantitative spatial gradient.

      The symbols are symbols of the percentage equal Thagaltha and different in intensity and this difference in density enables us to determine the 9 nine ready-made symbols, namely: -

Code 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%.

     If we add the color white complete which is expressed by the symbol zero%, and Color full and expressed by the code 100%, the number of symbols that can be used in the method of representation spatial quantification is (11) a symbol, a characteristic specific to the selection process and to identify the rows as we shall see later.

     The availability of digital data and access is one of the foundations of this manner of representation, and the method of study and examination of the statistics obtained from the things that must be done immediately after the completion of the preparation and investigation based on the map. Realize then that the possibility of representing the numbers that we obtained variable and private surveyors quantify what is primary or raw processor are as follows: -

1 - the representation of the raw numbers of untreated:

      This process begins with identifying the limits of change of any capacity marrow of the values ​​of statistics, this means determining the value of the lowest per capita and the value of the greatest member of the matrix charts in possession of the researcher, and then move on to the stage of identification and establishment of groups of rows and determine the capacity of each row or category as the following example: -

       To represent the population of the regions which are divided to 1000 hand (hand is the smallest administrative unit), Vstantj statistical composed of 1000 number of the population if we assume that the largest number of the population was 12,000 people and a smaller number was 1000 thousand people, we can create the following rows:

     More than 10000 people .... Icon used to 100%

     From 10,000 to 8000 people ... Symbol used 80%

     From 8000 to 6000 people .... Symbol used 60%

     From 6000 to 4000 people .... Symbol used 40%

     From 4000 to 2000 people ... Symbol used 20%

      Smaller than 2000 people .... Leave the spaces these areas white, because white space is encoded means a symbol relatively "zero%. All members of the Statistical may fall within these classes and satisfied then that we give the symbol spatial quantification of each of the categories identified above. Noted that the inclusion of categories from largest to the smaller the need for explanation and must be received during the implementation classes in the list of terms other than that any of the smaller to larger.

In this example made the possibility of reduction capacities to 1000 people only, because - as mentioned - 11 symbol take Tzlela listed completely from white full to black full and we can show changes spatial real people better application "of the base Alcartografah important to the effect that the smaller capacity classes and the smaller spaces Alcartografah whenever the expression of real change for the variable quantitative closer to reality and truth. When the capacity of 2000 people was homogeneity significantly between the various aspects ie, each of these categories it includes many aspects that may exist between them Tkhalvat radical in the population, Example: the area that have a population of 9999 a breeze will give her the same code which will give for the area which ranges from a population of about 8000 people only. This means that every aspect of these two terms would appear homogeneous in terms of population with the other hand, while when you minimize capacitance to a thousand people, the area that increases the number of its population to 9,000 a breeze will be a code different from the symbol that will be allocated for the area by at least a population of 9000 people, and so the representation will make a clear difference between the population of both. We refer here to the availability of mathematical methods to determine the categories and methods are available mechanism, however, that the best groups is designed by the researcher geographical have been previously studied and deepened his area, a mm of course its elements and how to work on the formulation of the opposite groups so as to ensure the reality of relations with the earth's surface.

 2 - represent the numbers of treatment:

      As can be seen through the previous example, there is difficulty in the use of raw numbers of untreated so the most numbers of the various quantitative spatial variables are treated in a simple representation by percentage or by calculating the densities or changes according to the following examples: -

1) calculate the density of population by aspects of the population by dividing the area of ​​each hand, and thus we get the concept of population density, a complete geography of the concept of population crude.

2) calculate the rate of births or deaths, rather than the representation of the raw number of births or deaths because it does not mean anything in terms of science.

3) the expense of temporal variations of agricultural production to an area or to their livestock, for example, create a map to change the production of corn or wheat or milk production and the means to identify "how" of change for a period of time under study.

In fact, we can enumerate a lot of examples on this subject, but suffice to address this because the numbers is a necessary thing it is rare nowadays to find work geographically as is the figures used without prior treatment.

We must know that the address numbers help in introducing a new variable implicitly lead to the extraction of scientific information and infer more sophisticated maps that are created.

 Terms of Use symbols Percentage: -

The use of symbols of the percentage of rules for use of spatial codes in general and we can enumerate these conditions are as follows: -

A - symbol for each direction, and should preserve the direction of the symbol within the field Alcartografa, especially since the codes are not available relative Automatically "from the code lists in the various systems and bags need to be designed.

B - the symbols must be quantitative survey that covers all the space Alcartografa fully covered, when the implementation process of manual coding mechanism in different systems, they take into account this rule.

 Use of color in the way of quantitative spatial representation: -

      Different density of symbols in the representation of spatial quantitative based on the representation of special groups the elements of any variable Surveyors quantitative which have been identified in advance and that can not be of more than 11 categories, that can scale any color we want used to output the Allaar or the layer, such as the categories variable spatial quantitative Instead of printing any map completed in a quantitative representation of spatial Fbalamkan printed in black any other color. The rule says that you should be proportional to the selected color with the concept of changing the subject of quantitative spatial Alcartografa, for example: Choose the color blue for various rain maps, choose the color red and its derivatives to represent the thermal variables ... etc..

In the end, it should be noted often that the variables that represent the symbols of the percentage to be selected in order to play the role of variable Bisatti (base) when implementing maps of synthetic and chooses her permanently colors of light or of the species "Albastl" or water colors to take advantage of "property stereo visual" that which is described later.

 Maps of lines of equal values:

     Maps are based on the concept of the line of equal value which is defined as the line connecting the points that are equal values ​​of A elements. Example by:

- Lines of equal values ​​of rainfall, Alaazoaat ISOHYETE

- Lines of equal temperature values ​​Aloazuterm ISOTHERME

- Lines of equal pressure values ​​Alaazubar ISOBARE

- Lines of equal elevation, or contour lines or lines of settlement.

It should be noted that the lines of equal values ​​are based, which must be held by the representation of all geographical spatial elements of quantity but as a convenience to adopt elements such as borders other border management.

       Fajtoot contour cut area Alcartografa to high areas, and lines of equal rainfall as well, and other lines of equal values ​​of working to determine the spatial realms of which vary between two lines or categories vary according to the values ​​of the element under study or Majali representation.

       Theoretically could create maps of the population relies on the use of lines of equal values, but the population was usual to use the distributions of population by the smallest possible administrative boundaries and upon which the administrative divisions of the district or the state studied. This applies to all characteristics of the population demographic, social, economic and cultural rights, the concentration of population in most cases within the various types of cities and villages, and small areas where the pattern of scatter for the distribution of population and attendance on the surface to make the issue of the use of lines of values ​​to represent the quantitative elements of the various demographic characteristics, and social, economic and cultural rights of people not feasible or unlikely, and instead adopted the administrative boundaries.

      The way of assimilation of these in automated systems to identify the categories of the item you want to represent Kartogravia This is done automatically with the availability of the possibility of redistribution of groups or increase the number or vice versa under educated (Reclassify) from within the (Spatial Analyst) There is no doubt that offers the possibility to change the categories provided automatically by the system requires the researcher need to discuss the groups or rows are variable, and the need to reformulate, if necessary. And Figure (), reflects the distributions of rainfall for a rainy years in Syria as an example of mapping the values ​​of equality that express how to use the isolines way manual Figure (), another example reflects the distributions of the continental territory of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and how to use the isolines automatic methods .

 Method of qualitative spatial representation

    If we go back to the previous classifications, we find that this method of representation Alcartograve dependent variables to represent the spatial quality: eg forms of terrain, soils, vegetation, agricultural land occupancy, and land jobs in the cities, and maps of land use in general ... etc..

The stages of the work in the implementation of the method of map spatial representation of the qualitative variable is specific and can be explained briefly as follows: -

1 - Implement the basis of the map, and can be defined based on the map as: - a piece of paper bearing the elements of the base and variable basis, which have been defined previously and it is determined by the domain Alcartografa, for example: To create a map of land use for a agricultural sectors within a floodplain of the rivers of the permanent flow, we find that key variable - the subject of Alcartograve - will consist of the elements of occupancy of agricultural land, so the variable is the foundation that determines the representation of this variable is the limits of properties, horticulture farming, then the base map that shows within the area Alcartograve elements of variable basis, which is of course of the class variables linear and plays an important role in the cutting area to Alcartografa Kartografah spaces will symbolize by the various components of agricultural land occupancy of the area studied.

Scrutiny of the many elements of the variable Alcartograveh main in this example allows the grouping as follows, with the male, not limited to: -

- Non-agricultural areas. The land is left to rest, rocky land, pasture lands, marshy lands ... Etc..

- Grain-growing areas: land planted with wheat, corn lands, lands, etc. .. barley.

- Vegetable-growing areas: land cultivation of legumes, vegetables, tuber cultivation land, Solanaceae.

- Land cultivation of fruit trees: olive, citrus, pomegranate territory ... Etc..

- Grazing land.

Another example: When you create or design a map of geomorphology of the area to what, we begin the implementation of the basis of the map as a first stage, which will be on a piece of paper if the implementation manually "or if it was the work of designing a paper prototype by the automatic execution" Sketch paper, "includes the limits of this region any field Alcartografa and variable basis. and variable basis, which will choose here will necessarily be a special nature Allitologih land Almstlh of geological region as well as the limits of geological Altkchwet.

So, the key variable for each variable based on its own should be a better choice permanently variable which determines the representation of the main variable and it is in close association with him. (Called the base variable basis because it draws on the field Alcartografa) often note that the variable base can be either administrative boundaries or limits of real estate, agricultural or limits the spread of a variable and this means that those limits will lead to the division area to Alcartograve Kartograveh spaces.

What came through, we can say that the choice of variable basis related to the nature of the elements Alcartograveh private key is variable, and thus we can generalize that he always preferred with respect to spatial variables have to choose variables based on some kind of "border", ie: -

The administrative boundary maps for the population.

Property boundaries or orchards in the agricultural maps.

Altkchwet geological boundaries in the geomorphological maps.

Lines of equal values ​​in the maps to rain rain.

Lines of equal values ​​of the heat in the thermal maps.

The limits of soils in agricultural capability maps of soils .... Etc..

You will notice that these limits, which will choose the main variable depending on the nature area will be divided into spaces Alcartografa Kartograveh is the prevalence of various elements Alcartograveh private key variable is intended to represent.

In the second phase of implementation:

After the process of creating the basis of the map comes the thought process to search for different distributions of the various components of the variable main subject of Alcartograve must try to deepen their research and taking in the details of the items Alcartograveh away as possible from the circular, using the results of the survey or the results of analysis visualization air and space, maps .. . etc..

Everything in fact the scale of work Alcartograve are not allowed at all in the case of circular work of large dimensions and it must follow the precision and detail as permitted by the map scale.

Coding: a term used in automated systems for the expression of the representation and coding at the same time and is intended to allocate the appropriate code for the various elements Alcartograveh and method for qualitative spatial representation using a special category of claims to the category of symbols symbols spatial quality:

Families of codes spatial quality: -

- Spatial quality graphic symbols.

- Codes are using a spatial quality of the line.

- Symbols used spatial quality of the point.

- The quality of spatial codes used geometric shapes.

- The quality of spatial geometric symbols regularly.

- Symbols of the quality of spatial geometric irregular.

- Full of color or background for the code associated with the two types of Surveyors has any color.

    There is a very large number of symbols for each of these categories that can be generated by automated systems and add colors have a background, and while the provision of systems for the regulation of these codes, but it does not cover in most cases the need for user geographical and from the importance of identifying the terms of the use of these symbols and how to designed in subsequent chapters. And browse these symbols from within automated systems allows the identification of how to classify these symbols as they can be used Alcartografa and not according to formations design, and for lovers of the implementation manual, they are in the form of symbols ready prefabricated in the market, and must take into account these different symbols according to intensity and Thagaltha, but these symbols Conditions especially in the use is in fact the laws of representation Alcartograve in the way of qualitative spatial representation.

 Terms of use spatial symbols of quality: -

We can enumerate the most important of these conditions which are essential Kartograveh rules as follows: -

First: - we know that there are many kinds of these codes and thus, it allows the user to choose the symbol is proportional and compatible with the concept and nature of the element which Alcartograve Alcartograve be represented on the field.

Second: - must use code Surveyors types specific to each element of the variable main subject of the map represented on the area of ​​Kartograve one, and should not be similar to these symbols cadastral among themselves, because that would invite confusion and lack of clarity, especially when adopting colors fully in automated systems which Be sure to be subject to the conditions of geographical Alcartografah.

Third: - make sure that the symbols spatial quality that is chosen to represent the elements of quality survey that has the potential to be derived from symbols other in order to express the gradient transition inside a Kartografa what and therefore this derivation can be expressed for the deterioration or the development of this element on the field Alcartografa. And automatically "can use the concept of the background color of the icon to play such a role.

Fourth: - for all of the icons spatial quality used within the scope of Kartografa one to maintain the trend because changing the direction of the symbol of the space to another is one of the blunders, especially for symbols that are designed from within the systems, because the designer is the one who chooses Mel elements of the icon or the pattern of distributions of elements whether regular or random.

Fifth: - must be all of the icons on the spatial quality to cover all the pride of Alcartografa divisions that have arisen as a variable basis used to represent the key variable. Even when automated design must ensure that the system has encodes spaces Alcartografah especially well when adopting maps Alrastr resulting from the analysis of spatial "Spatial Analyst, because leaving spaces blank inside into Kartografa or make the footprint overwhelm the spaces the other during the design manual will look like in the end as an error outside the rules Alcartografah.

Sixth: - must be all of the icons spatial quality used within the scope of Kartografa one to be close in Thagaltha intended Bthagalh Code: blindness of the font used to create or design of this code survey, although the use of symbols very different in Thagaltha will result in the destruction of the elements Alcartograveh which was represented by symbols of quality spatial light gravity, which made the eye of the map reader more attentive to the High Representative are indicated by gravity, even if Hisah smaller space.

As long as that in the case of the use of different symbols in Thagaltha it will give the impression highlights the importance of the elements used to represent symbols of gravity high within the area Alcartografa, then we can highlight the items with spaces Alcartograveh small using symbols spatial quality of high-gravity or density to make it visible for the other symbols are spread Spatial great.

Seventh: - the icon used to be subject to space Alcartografa or different Hizzath frequently within the area Alcartografa, and this means that there is no need to use symbols that are not proportionate in Thagaltha and intensity with Hizzatha Alcartografah on the field Alcartografa, ie, the space allocated to them no matter how small.

Eighth: - must be all of the icons on the spatial quality to be consistent with each other within the field of Kartografa one.

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